![]() ![]() This manuscript, the Heiberg manuscript, is from a Byzantine workshop around 900 and is the basis of modern editions. In the 4th century AD, Theon of Alexandria produced an edition of Euclid which was so widely used that it became the only surviving source until François Peyrard's 1808 discovery at the Vatican of a manuscript not derived from Theon's. Other similar works are also reported to have been written by Theudius of Magnesia, Leon, and Hermotimus of Colophon. The Elements may have been based on an earlier textbook by Hippocrates of Chios, who also may have originated the use of letters to refer to figures. ![]() 408–355 BC) for book V, while books IV, VI, XI, and XII probably came from other Pythagorean or Athenian mathematicians. 470–410 BC, not the better known Hippocrates of Kos) for book III, and Eudoxus of Cnidus ( c. 570–495 BC) was probably the source for most of books I and II, Hippocrates of Chios ( c. Proclus (412–485 AD), a Greek mathematician who lived around seven centuries after Euclid, wrote in his commentary on the Elements: "Euclid, who put together the Elements, collecting many of Eudoxus' theorems, perfecting many of Theaetetus', and also bringing to irrefragable demonstration the things which were only somewhat loosely proved by his predecessors". Scholars believe that the Elements is largely a compilation of propositions based on books by earlier Greek mathematicians. ![]() 1309–1316 Adelard's is the oldest surviving translation of the Elements into Latin, done in the 12th-century work and translated from Arabic. History Īn illumination from a manuscript based on Adelard of Bath's translation of the Elements, c. Not until the 20th century, by which time its content was universally taught through other school textbooks, did it cease to be considered something all educated people had read. For centuries, when the quadrivium was included in the curriculum of all university students, knowledge of at least part of Euclid's Elements was required of all students. It was one of the very earliest mathematical works to be printed after the invention of the printing press and has been estimated to be second only to the Bible in the number of editions published since the first printing in 1482, the number reaching well over one thousand. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.Įuclid's Elements has been referred to as the most successful and influential textbook ever written. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. ![]() The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions ( theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. Euclid's Elements ( Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖα Stoikheîa) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. ![]()
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